Randomized Trial Of Metformin Vs Insulin - 1399 Words

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Author, Title, Year Authors Spaulonci, Bernardes, Trindale, Zugaib, Francisco Title Randomized trial of metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes Year: 2013 Authors: Kitwitee, Limwattananon, Limwattanon, Waleekachonlert, Ratanachotpanich, Phimphilai, Nguyen, Pongchaiyakul Title Metformin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: An updated meta-analysis Year 2015 Authors: Corbould, Swinton, Radford, Campbell, McBeath, Dennis Title Fasting blood glucose predicts response to extended-release Metformin in gestation diabetes mellitus Year 2012 Authors: Gandhi, Bustani, Madhuvrata, Farrell Title Introduction of metformin for gestational diabetes mellitus in clinical practice: has it had an impact? Year†¦show more content†¦After excluding criteria that failed to meet inclusion criteria, eight studies were included in the final analysis Seventy-one women who had GDM at 24 weeks’ gestation but before 32 weeks using the Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society criteria. From May 2008 to April 2009, women with GDM were offered metformin as an alternative to insulin. Inclusion criteria included: diagnosis of GDM between 24-32 weeks of gestation, singleton pregnancy, no pregnancy complications and no documented intolerances from Metformin. 592 women with GDM were enrolled in the study. 299 did not receive metformin while 293 received metformin along with diet and exercise. A total of 200 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM. Group A (n=100) was treated with metformin, and group B (n=100) was treated with insulin. Independent and Dependent Variables Dependent Variable: Maternal outcome such as: frequency of preeclampsia, rate of C-section, maternal weight gain Neonatal outcome such as: 1- and 5- minute Apgar score, umbilical cord pH, macrosomnia, neonatal hypoglycemia. Independent Variable: Use of Metformin in the treatment of GDM vs insulin Dependent Variable: Maternal outcome such as: frequency of preeclampsia, rate of C-section, maternal weight gain Neonatal outcome such as: 1- and 5- minute Apgar score, umbilical cord pH, macrosomnia, neonatal hypoglycemia. Independent Variable: Use of Metformin in the treatmentShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Diabetes And The Treatment Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus921 Words   |  4 PagesReview Article Introduction: Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which body produces little to no insulin due to autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas. Patient with Type 1 diabetes are mainly treated with subcutaneous insulin injection, along with dietary and lifestyle modification. Purpose of this article is to evaluate the role of DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. DPP-4 inhibitors inhibit the degradationRead MoreContent for Glimepiride + Metformin 1461 Words   |  6 PagesContent for Glimepiride + Metformin Background: The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased dramatically in the past 20 years. Insulin resistance occurs early in type 2 disease. This leads to progressive beta cell failure and overt diabetes. Though monotherapy can slow down this process, it does not prevent the progression of the disease. To address, both insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, combination therapy is required. 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Current therapeutic targets are: fasting blood glucose ≠¤95 mg/dL, 1-hour postprandial 140 mg/dL, and 120 mg/dL for 2-hour postprandial blood glucose concentrations (HernandezRead MoreVitamin B12 And The Diabetes Prevention Program Research1313 Words   |  6 PagesBray, David S. Schade, Marinella G. Temprosa, Neil H. White, Jill P. Crandall, and the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the risks involved in B12 deficiency because of the long-term use of Metformin in diabetes prevention. BACKGROUND Vitamin B12 (also known as Cyanocobalamin and Cobalamin) is one of eight B-vitamins. Commonly, all B-vitamins help in the conversion of carbohydrates to glucose, producing energy. 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About 29.1 million people in America are reported t o have diabetes with the highest prevalence occurring in men; about 25.9% of adults 65 years and older have diabetes.1 Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes, often due to insulin resistance. Metformin is the treatment of choice in patients with T2DM, a second agent such as a sulfonylurea is added to metformin in patients who are not at goal or unable to tolerate metformin therapy. AccordingRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus, Burden And Trends1250 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes Mellitus, burden and trends in diabetes-related Complications Diabetes is a serious chronic disease, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn t make enough insulin (T2DM, usually in adults) or the body can’t effectively use the insulin (T1DM) (WHO definition: http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/). WHO diagnostic criteria for DM is the FPG 7.0mmol/l. This diagnostic point affect the risk of micro-vascular complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, renal failure andRead MoreThe Effects Of Prediabetes On Growth And Pubertal Development3097 Words   |  13 Pagesno report of systematic evaluation of health outcomes related to prediabetes in children. The effects of pharmacotherapy of prediabetes on growth and pubertal development in children are unknown. Secondary intervention with pharmacotherapy with metformin is advocated for high-risk individuals but criteria for such consideration benefit of early intervention, long term cost effectiveness of such interventions and the end point of therapy remain unclear. Pharma cotherapy must be used with caution in

Effects of Gun Control Essay example - 1723 Words

It is impossible not to open a newspaper, watch the television, or listen to the radio with out hearing about some type of gun violence. Perhaps the main reason for such high gun violence is that guns are so plentiful in the Unites States. In fact, there are sixty five million handguns in America (The `facts about Guns). These guns contribute to an annual medical cost of fourteen billion dollars, which is spent solely on treating gun victims (Handguns in America). Not surprisingly, handguns are the cause of eighty percent of homicides, seventy percent of suicides, and almost every accidental shooting (Youth and Violence). Handgun violence is a problem that is easy for everyone to see. How to solve this predicament is another†¦show more content†¦This strategy is costly and unfair. Who is to determine how much a person is to be paid for their guns? A method such as this one will not only have an astonishing cost, but it also discriminates. Those who are in favor of o utlawing all handguns assume that everyone misuses or has the aptitude to misuse the gun. For gun collectors, this proposition takes away their hobby. Merchants and people in jobs with high risks of being robbed would also be discriminated against by not allowing the use of handguns as means of protection, which could make them vulnerable. For example, if a gas station cashier is being robbed and the robber plans on killing the cashier, the chances of the police making it to the scene in time to save the cashiers life is very slim. On the other hand, if the cashier had a handgun, then he or she could defend him or herself. For reasons such as this, merchants and people in high risk jobs may defy a law completely outlawing handguns because a handgun could save their life. The idea of completely outlawing handguns does not solve the problem of handgun violence. In fact, this idea would persuade some people to defy the law and keep their gun or guns for safety or for malicious intentions. One in five Americans own a handgun (Guns In America). The chances that all of these people will give up their guns, when they could hide them and likely never get caught, is very slim. The idea of completely outlawing handguns is a tacticShow MoreRelatedGuns And Their Effect On Gun Control962 Words   |  4 PagesGuns and the ability to use them have been under attack in the United States and many other places throughout the World. There are groups of people that believe that as long as we have the right to bear arms that many unprotected people will lose their lives due to gun violence. There are many trends that come with gun violence and where these mass shooting occur, but a main one is that when a place legally prohibits carrying a weapon then that is where the most gun violence happens. Where guns areRead MoreEffects of Gun Control1158 Words   |  5 PagesThere are thousands of people that own guns in the United States. People have owned guns for the entire duration of American history. Even pre-dating the formation of the country, there were the Massachusetts minutemen who owned their own firearms and used them to defend themselves against oppression. Many lawmakers now want to go against these principles of allowing gun ownership for civilians (Dreier 92). They want to challenge the freedoms that have built the United States into the nation thatRead MoreThe Ultimate Effect Of Gun Control994 Words   |  4 Pages Gun control has become an ever growing topic that has taken both opinionated and debated standpoints throughout various places such as courtrooms, widespread media influence and even discussions at a dinner table. Gun control can be defined as; laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of firearms. The underlying question is what is the ultimate effect of gun control? Does it reduce the amount of crimes that occur? Or does the increase in regulationRead MoreCause And Effect Of Gun Control1384 Words   |  6 PagesThere are an abundance of causes and effects in the way guns are used, purchased, and sold – legally or illegally. A few causes include how guns are kept (with a safety and locked away or not), and in the way guns are obtained. The effects of these acts are, peoples state of mind, and the criticisms law enforcement may receive. Thought of as technical and firm, the laws about guns can easily be bypassed by crimin als and people who are not in the right frame of mind. In the legal and illegal use ofRead MoreThe Effects Of The Weapons Effect On Gun Control934 Words   |  4 PagesHow does aggression relate to gun ownership/use? Does aggression actually have an effect on gun control? There have been many studies done that says it does. But, the question is, does everyone with a gun have to take it out with their aggression. Not everyone does take it out but there is a great amount of people that actually do. I am going to talk about the studies that have been done and how they impact society. Currently, in the United States we have a lot of violence going on. Is it becauseRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On America Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Gun Control on America Guns have been prevalent in the United State’s culture for hundreds of years. Firearms have been, and still are being used for hunting, protection and even sport. In fact, if it was not for the help of firearms, we would not be graced with the many freedoms we have today. Currently, owning and obtaining a firearm is a controversial topic that sparks heavy emotions. Many people argue for eliminating all guns, and applying heavier regulations to prevent tragicRead MoreNegative Effects Of Gun Control954 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Effects of Gun Control The recent terrorist situations in America could have turned out differently if the victims had been armed. There have been too many terrorist situations lately in America. Many people who are not in favor of gun rights want to make it more difficult or even impossible for citizens to purchase weapons. When stricter gun control is enforced, then citizens may not be able to protect themselves. We need to find a way to prevent gun related tragedies, but that doesRead MoreGun Control And Its Effect On The Country1310 Words   |  6 Pagesbut guns are the instrument of death. Gun control is necessary, and delay means more death and horror† (BrainyQuote, n.d.). Many people say that gun control will not affect violence rates in a country. Also, they say that if everyone has a gun, then that will stop mass massacres. The people who believe that gun control is not needed are wrong. This is because gun control has been proven to improve the safety of a country. For example, In Aust ralia and Britain reduced violence caused by guns by puttingRead MoreGun Control And Its Effect On Acquiring Firearms1623 Words   |  7 PagesNSW, therefore leading to an increase in guns, cause a reduction in crime? Gun control and restrictions on acquiring firearms has been a topic that has been disputed heavily in NSW since the 1980s. Similar to various other nations, Australia has seen a number of high profile shootings, resulting in a tightening of gun control laws. One may believe by instinct that relaxing current restrictions on acquiring firearms would lead to more crime, as more guns are readily available. This paper will exploreRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesGun control has become a very important topic within the United States after the past couple of months. There have been many issues that have occurred to make people think that banning guns is something we need to invest in, even though that just would not be the greatest option. There are many parts to winning a debate on gun control. One always needs to be sure to view both sides of the issue, look at the causes and the effects of the issue, and being sure one has enough f acts and statistics to

Human Place In Nature The complete Essays

Question: Describe about the Human Place In Nature for The complete Essays? Answer: Machiavellis The Prince' Machiavellis work, the prince, though has a princely title yet it is a dedication to all the princes to how to rule. Machiavelli has seen in the past how corrupt politics is. Though Machiavelli knows that being truthful and moral is the key factors to success, yet he imparts the idea that cheating and immorality is the key factors to success when it comes to politics. To keep the people under the control of power and to ensure the safety and security of the post, a ruler should indulge in unfair means, should make false promises and lie to the people. In his subtle way, Machiavelli tried to humiliate the corrupted politics sarcastically that he had witnessed in the past (Machiavelli). The main idea of Machiavellian is a person who is clever enough to be in politics. A person who is cunning, have the idea of every nook of politics and can know how to gain opportunity through a proper political act can be called a Machiavellian. A person who does not adhere to the morality of the act and can be identified as a personification of duplicity and bad faith can be called a true Machiavellian (Murty). Tom Ripleys act in the film by Anthony Minghella and the novels by Patricia Highsmith, The Talented Mr. Ripley can be called similar to Machiavellian act. Though Machiavellian acts are purely on political purpose, Ripley ensures success to achieve personal gain through act of deception, ruthlessness and not letting the emotions control the behaviour is a true Machiavellian act ('10 Of Popular Culture's Best Machiavellian Characters'). Montaignes Of Cannibals' The people who looks towards the society from a different cultural viewpoint and do not adhere to the accepted social norms of the society are called avant-garde thinkers or writers. The avant-garde thinkers think differently about the society or certain population in the society from a different cultural viewpoint. They present their theory about certain cultural strata of society in their way, or from a different angle that has already been accepted in the society. Montaigne can be considered as an avant-garde thinker and writer. Montaignes thought regarding the barbarians has been entirely different from what the society thought them about. The barbarians are considered to be a group of people who are uncultured, uneducated and do not belong to the cultured population of the society (De Montaigne, Michel). However, Montaigne presented a different view of the barbarians. According to him, the lifestyle of the barbarian is complex from various angles; however, the barbarians do hold morals that are at par with the civilized Europeans. To explain the topic in a broader way, Montaigne wrote of cannibals to present the viewpoint in a stronger way (Blogs.dickinson.edu). Even today, the society faces cultural differences in Australia regarding the indigenous population in Australia. The indigenous populations are mainly the populations who come to the country as refugees. As they hail from a different country, the civilized population of Australia are not ready to accept them in the society. The indigenous populations are not civilized or amoral but might be different culturally from the main population. Though the government has implemented various policies for the indigenous population, yet it is the duty of the people to help, the people mix with the main population. Shakespearean Sonnets To carry out the work, Shakespearean Sonnet 55 and 56 is chosen for the analysis. The entire 154 sonnets written by Shakespeare have the unique characteristics of possessing 18 lines. The Shakespearean sonnets follow the rhyme scheme iambic pentameter. The unique characteristic of iambic pentameter is that every line of the sonnet has ten syllables. While the syllables are divided into pairs, five pairs are formed, and the pairs are called iambic feet or iambs. The iambs are consists of two syllables where the first syllable is an unstressed syllable while the second syllable is a stressed syllable (MILLER). However, exceptions from the above rule of sonnets can be seen in three sonnets out of 154 sonnets. The sonnets that do not follow the regular criteria are sonnet 99, Sonnet 126 and Sonnet 145. Sonnet 99 and Sonnet 126 have 15 lines and 12 lines respectively while Sonnet 145 does not follow the iambic pentameter rule and the lines follow the tetrameter rule (PoemShape). Figure 1: Sonnet 129 showing the rhyme scheme of the sonnet. Source: https://poemshape.wordpress.com/2009/01/11/what-is-shakespearean-spenserian-amp-petrarchan-sonnets/ For example in the Sonnet 55: Not mar/ ble nor/ the gil/ ded mo/ nu ments In the above scansion, when the words are divided into syllables, it can be seen that the line had five pairs of syllables with a unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. In the sonnet 56 also, a similar division can be seen: Sweet love/ re new/ thy force/ be it/ not said A normal Shakespearean sonnet consists of fourteen lines. The initial 12 lines are divided into three parts that are called the quatrains, and the sonnet ends with two lines at the end which is called a couplet. However, the rhyme scheme of the sonnet follows the pattern, abab cdcd efef in the three initial quatrains and gg in the final couplet. In the initial three quatrains, the poet stresses on the theme of the poem or talks about the problem that the sonnet will discuss (Schoenfeldt). However, the problem or the theme of the sonnet is finally solved in the couplet. In the first three quatrains, the poet expresses his idea and point of view of writing the sonnet, to whom it is directed and why the sonnet is important to the person being referred. Finally in the couplet he resolves the entire viewpoint in the sonnet in two lines. For example in Sonnet 55, Shakespeare ends the sonnet with the lines, So, till the judgment that yourself arise You live in this and dwell in lovers eyes. The word judgment gives an idea that the couplet is closing the entire theme of the sonnet that the sonnet will help to save the beauty of the person through the lines. In Sonnet 56 as well, the poet compares the interval with the winter and finally prefers to wait till the summer arrives and the thing again turn beautiful and colorful. References '10 Of Popular Culture's Best Machiavellian Characters'. BBC NEWS 2015. Web. 2 Sept. 2015. Blogs.dickinson.edu,. 'Montaigne Human Place In Nature 2014'. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Sept. 2015. De Montaigne, Michel. "Of cannibals."The complete essays152 (1958). Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Chichester, West Sussex: Capstone Pub., 2010. Print. MILLER, STUART. Shakepeare Sonnet, All 154, Reimaginedthrough A New York Lens. 1st ed. 2015. Web. 2 Sept. 2015. Murty, GRK. Leaders Ethical Dilemmas: ShakespeareS Analysis: A Lesson For TodayS Business Leaders. 1st ed. 2015. Web. 2 Sept. 2015. PoemShape,. 'Shakespearean, Spenserian, Petrarchan Sonnets'. N.p., 2009. Web. 2 Sept. 2015. Schoenfeldt, Michael Carl. A Companion To Shakespeare's Sonnets. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

Knowledge And Power Hand In Hand, But Whose Hand Is It Essays

Knowledge and power hand in hand, but whose hand is it? Regardless from where a person comes from, one is always under constant surveillance by someone in society, which in return affects everyone's individual actions and reactions. Foucault's Panopticism proves that our ideals we have gained from society do manipulate how we act and behave without realizing it. Our society's social factors and the knowledge we possess as a society can control one's action if one comprehends how power can control other individual's actions. Foucault's Panopticism created a prison that could achieve 100% observation by one overseer in a circular building to gain the knowledge of the prisoners and give the feeling of inferiority and powerlessness. Foucault believed all that is needed, then, is to place a supervisor in a central tower and shut up in each cell a madman...they are so many cages, so many small theaters, in which each actor is alone, perfectly individualized and constantly visible (319). The subject is never sure when and if they are being observed at all, leaving their ideals to self regulate and unconsciously become their own guardians. This surveillance objectifies the subjects in the cells, categorizes them and creates new social norms resulting from fear of being caught acting out of line. Foucault used the plague as a good example of how in everyday life the Panopticon's principles of power could come into effect if the norms of society were taken away and one power monitored your every action. He believed that the Panopticon and the plague were two of the same and yet different. One was an evil natural disaster while the other broke people down artificially for the sole purpose to gain power. Nevertheless, both resulted in a knowledge that controlled society and subjects that conformed to the government's new power almost instantly. The Panopticon was not only used as a form of punishment but also served as a laboratory; it could be used to carry out experiments, to alter behavior, to train or correct individuals (323). The Panopticon could test procedures, and change the behavior of the inmates because it had no social factors to affect the deviant behaviors in the people held within. It tried out the most effective forms of punishment and reward while teaching different techniques in order to distinguish which one was the best. The Panopticon made perfecting the exercise of power possible. Foucault states that Panopticon presents a cruel, ingenious cage (325), meaning that although the setting may seem inhuman, it is a work of intelligence at the time and for years to come. Nevertheless, Foucault recognized that the panoptic mechanism is not simply a hinge, a point of exchange between a mechanism of power and a function; it's a way of making power relations function, and making a function function through these power relations. (326). Many will view Foucault's Panopticism experiment as cruel and unnecessary, nevertheless the inmates in the Panopticon act as subjects of experiments to test more sufficient ways of labor, medicine, and ways of teaching that are helping our future by creating knowledge of a normlessness world and the power that could find how to completely eradicate deviance and deter the social factors that influence these behaviors. Today, in our society, most people take social factors that influence our actions for granted. Foucault believes that each man is a product of his society, and without society, there is no person. This means the knowledge that we possess as a society indirectly and without our recognition controls our actions and alters our knowledge. According to the sociologist, Sutherland, his theory of Differential Association states that not all people will experience the same personal and social conditions because criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others principally in intimate groups. Any person has the possibility to become more delinquent when there is an excess of definitions favorable for the deviant to break the law. When a person is in complete solitude and constant surveillance in the Panopticon, there is no chance to learn deviant behavior and constant surveillance that would deter criminal acts because of higher risks of being caught. Today, for example, when adolescents are in high school they are less likely to skip class when they know

Cost of Pharmaceutical Needs Equals the Quality of Life †Business Research Paper (600 Level Course)

Cost of Pharmaceutical Needs Equals the Quality of Life – Business Research Paper (600 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Cost of Pharmaceutical Needs Equals the Quality of Life Business Research Paper(600 Level Course) According to research done at Purdue University, the more expensive a person’s pharmaceutical, the better quality of life the patient had. This happened no matter what the person’s ailment. Retail sales of prescription drugs totaled $154.5 billion in 2001; the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimate that, by the year 2010, the nation will be spending $404.5 billion annually for this purpose. Medicaid spending on prescription drugs tripled during the 1990s from $4.8 billion in 1990 to $17 billion in 1999. Pharmaceuticals have risen 7.4% more than inflation annually. According to the latest statistics available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, wholesale prices of prescription pharmaceuticals have risen over 250 percent since 1982 (in comparison to the producer price index for all commodities, which has risen 40 percent over the same time period). US consumers pay more for their pharmaceuticals because in many other developed countries, the government bargains with ‘Big Pharma’ to achieve the best prices available. Because of this, Americans are left to make up the difference. It is no surprise that many of the biggest firms in terms of net profit are pharmaceutical and bio-engineering firms. The issues involved with allowing Americans to import their drugs from Canada are that the major pharmaceutical corporations have donated extraordinary large amounts of cash to both political parties. This has allowed big pharma to turn the potential tide of mass importation. However, states with the always hungry Medicaid beast, have decided to import their drugs for government employees from Canada. The response from the Federal Government has been to substantially increase its powers that have been Constitutionally left to the states. These include, the Terry Shaivo law, the increase in federal corporate laws, the re-chartering of large banks to federal rather than state Research Papers on Cost of Pharmaceutical Needs Equals the Quality of Life - Business Research Paper (600 Level Course)Definition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of India

The Relationships Between Politicians and Media Essay

The Relationships Between Politicians and Media - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that empirical research has long confirmed that for most people the mass media are the major sources of information about world events and about political affairs. However, despite television's growing importance as a source of information, regular readers of newspapers continue to attach a great deal of weight to the print medium. Non-readers show a greater dependence on television for political information. Both tables conceal significant variations in responses between readers of 'quality' and 'tabloid' newspapers: the former remain wedded to their preferred medium, using it much more extensively as a means of surveying the world in depth, whilst readers of tabloid newspapers rely more heavily on television and also tend to attach greater credibility to it as a source of news. These tables confirm the centrality of the media for the public. They are the means by which the public acquires information about the world and, more importantly, through which the public derives its knowledge and perceptions of current political and social problems and of the means to their resolution. Traditionally, the study of politics and its relationship to the mass media has focused on institutions and bona fide political actors. Governments, politicians, departments or voting patterns have usually been the political scientists' fodder. When married to an interest in the mass media, the result has been an over-concentration on institutions, structures, and the political à ©lite. à ©lite. While this remains of importance, this sort of approach overlooks the part the mass media play in generating public perceptions of political and social change as well as of policies and decision-making processes. The political significance of the political goes far beyond such questions as 'who controls the media?' and 'how do people get elected?'; even concerns over 'bias' and 'objectivity' are too narrow to take in the full significance of the political Politics and the political infuse all aspects of our lives, our attitudes, and our behaviour. And because the mass media are at the heart of the processes of communication through which 'problems' and their 'resolution' are framed and discussed, they deserve extensive analysis. 5 THE NATURE OF 'MEDIATED' KNOWLEDGE This broad approach to the political significance of the mass media is reflected in many contemporary writings. These emphasize the media's role in providing information-both images and texts-which forms the basi s of public perceptions and responses to events. The media provide, in Blumler's words, 'the informational building blocks to structure views of the world†¦ Table 1.3 Regular readers of: Telegraph, Times, Guardian or FT Express or Mail Mirror, Sun, or Star Main source of news % % % television 32 62 65 newspapers 57 28 24 radio 25 14 14 Table 1.4 Regular readers of: Telegraph, Times, Guardian or FT Express or Mail Mirror, Sun or Star Most believable source of news % % % television 30 59 66 newspapers 35 13 11 radio 20 16 13 from which may stem a range of actions'. 6 Although these 'informational building blocks' combine with a multiplicity of political and social factors to direct an individual's action, they determine the limits of our knowledge and of our perceptions of events and

Section 121 gain and losses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Section 121 gain and losses - Research Paper Example The headquarters of the agency is in Washington DC. It is the role of the agency to ensure that it administers the laws related to revenue and asses and collect taxes. The agency has different sections guiding its operations. This paper in particular will explore at section 121. In its discussion, the paper will include the rules and exceptions which are involved in this paper. It will dig further to the presentation of real world examples of the section. (Yancey 2004) Section 121 offers the provision to every taxpayer filling the existing federal tax returns an entire exclusion on any kind of capital gains tax involved in selling their primary residence. The agency on an bi-annual basis provides $250,000 for persons filling single returns and also $500,000 for those married couples filing joint returns is given when the property in question represents their principal residence and when the taxpayer has been living in the home for a duration of at least two or five years. Capital Gai ns Tax The capital gain tax is imposed when one sells the primary residence at a price higher than the original purchase price. Section 121 excludes waives and eliminates the tax when the actual gain is not more than $250,000 and $500,000 for married couples and exclusion upon realization that the property has been used by the taxpayer as his/her principle residence for a duration of two or more years. This kind of exclusion is often available after every two years. EXCEPTIONS Gross income included shall exclude gains from the exchange of property or from sales if during a period of five years ending on the date of exchange or sale, and then such kind of a property has been used by the taxpayer and owned as his principal evidence for duration of 2 or more years. (Yancey 2004) Limitations 1. In General In general terms, the amount of the gains which is excluded from the gross income under section (a) subject to any sale or exchange of any kind of property in any sale shall not be mor e than $250,000. 2. Special Rules for Joint Ventures In the scenario when the couples making the joint return for the given taxable year of a sale or an exchange then- (A) $500,000 Limitations for certain Joint Returns. The first paragraph shall be adopted though the substitution of $500,000 for $250,000 if- i. Either one of the spouses satisfies the authorities requirements as adopted in subsections a with respect to that particular property. ii. When both the spouses satisfies the use requirements of the subsection (a) in conjunction to that property iii. When none of the spouses satisfies the requirements as lay in subsection (a) with respect to that particular property by a particular reason of the third paragraph. B. Other Joint Ventures. If the requirements of sub section A is not met by the spouses, then the limitations that exist in the first paragraph shall be the summation of the entire limitations under the first paragraph where each and every spouses shall be entitled of the spouses had in the pat been married. Therefore every spouse shall be regarded as owning the property during that time when either of the spouses owns the property. (Boortz & Linder 2005) 3. Application to Only a single Sale or an Exchange after every 2 years. A. General If there was no exchange sale by the taxpayer to whom subsection (a) applies during the two year period which ends on the day of the sale or exchange then the subsection shall not apply to any