The Turn of the Screw - 1300 Words

Henry James novel The Turn of the Screw is twofold. In the first chapter, the story begins at a Christmas party where guests hear the governess tale of fright and fight. This story is referred to as â€Å"two turns† of the screw by an anonymous guest at the Christmas party because the reader asks if they want to hear a story about two children instead of only one (3). In the governess account, it tells about her duty as caretaker of two wealthy children, Flora and Miles, who live at Bly, a large estate, with their unnamed and unseen uncle and Mrs. Groose, the housekeeper. He is never actually seen in the story because he tells the governess not to bother him. As the story first unfolds, the governess takes care of two children, Miles and†¦show more content†¦Consequently, she tries to protect Miles from a ghost that he cannot see by taking them away from this goddamn place. However, her attempt backfires when after Miles not claiming to have seen a ghost, and â€Å"h is little heart, dispossessed, had stopped† (120). The governess is overbearing. She believes first hand that the children see the ghosts, too. For example, when Flora finally admits to her that she does not see any ghosts, she believes that she is helping protect them from her. The governess causes the children to become hysterical, and as the governess continues to see spirits she also becomes hysterical. She even starts to believe that on some nights the children creep out of their beds to visit the ghosts. Due to the governess’ tyrannical nature, the children become greatly annoyed by the governess. In result, Miles asks to be sent to another school, and Flora insists on being sent away to escape the insistence of the governess’ refusal that the ghosts are not real. The governess is the center of the story because she causes all the conflicts in the story. As the story first unfolds, Flora is a bright, well-adjusted girl who is in the top of her class. In the end, she wants nothing more than to escape the confines of the estate and be away from the governess’ rants. At the beginning, Miles is shy but mostly normal ten-year-old. As the story advances, he lives in fear of the governess and thinks that the house has become a madhouse. Not even aShow MoreRelatedThe Turn Of The Screw1265 Words   |  6 PagesHenry James’ The Turn of the Screw has been described as one of the best ghost stories of all time. However, there is clear evidence that the main character, the governess, suffers from delusions. The strange events that occur throughout the story happen in the estate of Bly. The anomalies, described as horrors or ghosts, only come to light after the governess arrives. These events are due to creations of the governess mind, her controlling intent to protect and overrule the children, and her unstableRead MoreThe Turn Of The Screw1443 Words   |  6 PagesHenry James’ The Turn of the Screw is an ambivalent novella , well-known for it’s disputable contents. The central character, known simply as the governess, is one that can be considered an unreliable narrator. She has experienced many interesting yet unusual encounters that can lead to a variety of interpretations regarding what’s actually taking place in the story. With all factors taken into account, it’s most plausible to assume that the governess is a victim of what appears to be a mental disorderRead MoreThe Turn Of The Screw2222 Words   |  9 PagesHenry James’s The Turn of the Screw has led to a great deal of discussion and analysis from scholars and students for over fifty years. James’s novella is a ghost story that is mostly told through the perspective of a young woman, a Governess, who is put in charge of taking care of two children, Miles and Flora, at an estate in Bly. The Governess adores the two children and considers them both charming, beautiful, and perfect, which is understandable giv en that Miles and Flora are portrayed as wellRead More The Turn of the Screw Essays1329 Words   |  6 PagesLove Between the Classes: An Analysis of Social Status Violation in The Turn of the Screw A Marxist reading of The Turn of the Screw by Henry James brings to light how social status differences and above all how the violation of these distinctions affect the story. The relationship between the governess and Miles is a clear example of this kind of transgression. As an unnamed character, the governess has an indefinite social status. She is neither an upper-class lady nor a simple servant. MoreoverRead More Turn of the screw Essay2734 Words   |  11 Pages â€Å"The Turn of the Screw† Henry James, the famous author of ‘The Turn of the Screw’ was born on April 15, 1843 to his wealthy parents Henry James and Mary Walsh. His father, also called Henry James, was an Irish immigrant and by the time his own children were born he had inherited a lot of money from his father; and at this time Henry James senior and his family were living in New York. Henry James author of ‘The Turn Of The Screw’ was one of five children and had an older brother William who wasRead More The Turn of the Screw Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Turn of the Screw I must take my horrid plunge from the opening line sets the tone of the passage. The novels gothic form is revealed very early on in the passage. There is a distinctive differentiation between horror and terror derived from the studies of Radcliffe. Terror is when one induces to action and horror is when one is powerless and freezes as a result of it. The Governess horrid plunge is a forced action, as she is powerless to combat the supernatural forcesRead MoreEnn315-Turn of the Screw2040 Words   |  9 Pages‘The Turn of the Screw is essentially an ambivalent text. Its narrative prompts divergent, even opposite readings, but does not reconcile them. What happens remains irrevocably uncertain’ James uses the prologue to the novel to introduce the themes with in this Novella but more importantly he encourages the readers to be active in reading between the lines , and not to accept what is said at face value , James achieves this by surrounding Douglass with a group of people who are clearly andRead MoreEnn315-Turn of the Screw2028 Words   |  9 Pages‘The Turn of the Screw is essentially an ambivalent text. Its narrative prompts divergent, even opposite readings, but does not reconcile them. What happens remains irrevocably uncertain’ James uses the prologue to the novel to introduce the themes with in this Novella but more importantly he encourages the readers to be active in reading between the lines , and not to accept what is said at face value , James achieves this by surrounding Douglass with a group of people who are clearly and intentlyRead MoreThe Governess in The Turn of the Screw Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most critically discussed works in twentieth-century American literature, The Turn of the Screw has inspired a variety of critical interpretations since its publication in 1898. Until 1934, the book was considered a traditional ghost story. Edmund Wilson, however, soon challenged that view with his assertions that The Turn of the Screw is a psychological study of the unstable governess whose visions of ghosts are merely delusions. Wilson’s essay initiated a critical debate concerning theRead MoreTurn of the Screw, Historicism Approach1330 Words   |  6 Pageswork, and how do t hese influences complicate the meaning of the work as a whole ? - Regarding The Turn of The Screw. The Victorian era consisted of moralistic, prudish ideals, a sexist point of view and therefore enforced etiquette and good manners as a way of life. Henry James demonstrates a lack of propriety for this time period’s strict code of conduct, with his written work, ‘The turn of the screw’. By doing so, and somewhat rebelling against the sexually restraining, low crime tolerance era that

The Crucible Character Analysis - 2140 Words

Essay #5 In The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller involves a character named John Proctor, an even-tempered farmer, who cared about how others saw him as. Procter was a married man to Elizabeth Proctor and a father of three as well. Throughout the book, Procter is shown as a man obsessed with his status to protect his name. The following quote says â€Å"... there is evidence to suggest that he had a sharp and biting way with hypocrites. He was the kind of man--powerful of body, even-tempered, and not easily led†¦.†, this shows he was the type of a person to unleash his temper with people often, although it was good because he was well known for revealing hypocrisy. This gave him honor in his town and respect by his†¦show more content†¦His wife was committed with witchcraft and the person responsible for that was Abigail, for her fault she outed her. Procter didn’t want to lose his wife so he did anything possible to save her from getting hanged, knowing his wif e is a kind and beloved human being. In court it turned out to be that the accusations of his wife were wrong, proven innocent, she was released. During the court, Procter even reveals his cheating but the court disagrees to see the truth and he’s taken to a cell. He is asked to sign a paper but replies with this saying â€Å" Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul, leave me my name!†, this expresses upon how he feels about signing a paper that will be pinned in front of the church destroying his image of his name. He doesn’t accept the offer, in other words, he did sign it but ended up ripping the paper and leading to his death. It shows he was a high-minding man because he was inclined to drop his dignity to save his wife Elizabeth. Although Procter dies he was an upstanding man for what he did and knew his mistakes. One of his biggest motivations was his wife, he must have cheated on her but deep inside of him he knew he’ll always have to protect her, he owed her at least that even though it was already too late. Procter was a conflict to himself, wanting to believe he was good andShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible Character Analysis1126 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Crucibles, written by Arthur Miller, there were many themes present throughout the storyline. One theme existing throughout the play pertains to many characters preserving their reputation rather than conforming to society. In the play, many characters were prosecuted for witchery because of girls such as Abigail Williams accused them of doing so. During this crisis in Salem, three characters in particular remained rightful and truthful in order to preserve their established reputation inRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis773 Words   |  4 Pagessomething that will lead a man to shame and destruction. In The Crucible this h appened to one of the main characters, John Proctor, which also is the one of the Tragic Hero in the book. The Crucible is about when some town people in Salem was accused of being witches after four girls were found dancing in the woods. After 200 people were accused of being witches in 1963, 20 people were either hung or crushed by many stones. In the Crucible John Proctor, the tragic hero had a weakness as pride eventuallyRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis1075 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide a source of conflict for a story. Author, Arthur Miller instills villain qualities in one of his main characters, Abigail. The Crucible is a story written about the Salem Witch Trials. Abigail is the main character in charge of accusing men and woman of being with the devil. Abigail’s traits mirror those of various Disney villains. Abigail’s omnipotent power throughout The Crucible reflects Maleficents talent. Maleficent is the most powerful fairy that uses magic to harm others due toRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis736 Words   |  3 PagesIn Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, the people of Salem, Massachusetts experience several â€Å"bizarre supernatural events† that really highlight these characters’ morality. A morality play is a kind of drama with personified abstract qualities as the main characters and presenting a lesson about good conduct and character. The Crucible dramatizes good and evil to give rationale of these characters’ true intentions. The â€Å"good† characters in the play are portrayed as Reverend Hale, Elizabeth, Mr. ParrisRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible Character Analysis In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, John Proctor, the protagonist, is a farmer in his middle thirties. The author gives little to no detailed physical description of him, but from Proctor’s speech, we can still picture him as a strong and powerful man who is able to keep every situation under the control, the kind of personality which earns him deep respect and even fear from the people in town. On the other hand, Abigail Williams, the antagonist, plays an inferiorRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis1613 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican playwright and theatrical figure in the twentieth-century, Arthur Miller, once said, â€Å"Betrayal is the only truth that sticks.† Though he did not include this quote in the context of his famous work, The Crucible, his wise words can also be relevant in this play. The play takes place during the era of the Salem Witch Trials in 1692. In his composition, he includes the story of Mr. and Mrs. Proctor, a married couple living outside of Salem in the time period of the trials. Abigail WilliamsRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis771 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible In Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible, Abigail Williams will do whatever it takes to win John Proctor over Elizabeth. Abigail is known for stirring up trouble. Will she win? In The Crucible, Abigail Williams is the villain of the play. She is manipulative towards her friends and the townspeople and causes people to die. Abigail is the reason for the start of the Salem witch trials. In Act One of The Crucible, Abigail has an affair with John Proctor. Abigail, her friends, and TitubaRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis1195 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Crucible, a play written by Arthur Miller, the characters have an innumerable amount of concerns for their own reputation. This is an immense theme represented throughout the entire play. The characters are too drawn into the sake of keeping the good of their name. In The Crucible, characters such as Reverend Parris, Abigail Williams, and Mary Warren are highly drawn to their reputations. This affects the way they act because i t brings their actions into play. Their situations are similarRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Hale In The Crucible795 Words   |  4 PagesUndercovering Reverend Hale The truth is a puzzle, never knowing where the pieces go and honestly, hard to put together. In Arthur Miller’s play â€Å"The Crucible,† Reverend Hale is placed in Salem to investigate the witch trial accusations; but fails in his attempts and ends up with more blood on his hands then intended. Since his arrival, Hale has devoted everything to helping the people of Salem. However, when a plethora of false accusations start to unravel the village he is left with the realizationRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe witch trials in this play were based on actual events that happened in Salem in 1692. Arthur Miller’s 1953 The Crucible is a dramatization of the Salem Witch Trials. His reasoning for writing it was because everyone was hysteric about the Soviet Union and communism trying to make its way over to the United States. It was like a modern day witch hunt. In the play, Abigail Williams and a group of girls get caught in the w oods. They were dancing and doing other things that puritan’s looked down

Motivation and Organizational Culture Free Essays

3 Motivation and Organizational Culture Tawny Christensen HCA 250 March 14, 2013 Darlene Tomlinson Motivation and Organizational Culture Assignment In any given business or workplace environment the employees that work there should be the most valued assets. Research has shown that personnel who are happy and taken care of are much more productive than those who are not, therefore establishing a more pleasing work atmosphere. That being said, business leaders and managers alike play an extremely important role in workplace psychology. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organizational Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to our text, leadership is the process of leading a group and influencing its members to achieve common goals. All managers are leaders (Robbins, DeCenzo, and Coulter, 2011). In today’s society more managers are leading through empowerment by allowing team members to be involved in the decision making process. More and more employees â€Å"are developing budgets, scheduling workloads, controlling inventories, solving quality problems, and engaging in similar activities that until very recently were viewed exclusively as part of the manager’s job,† (Robbins, DeCenzo, and Coulter, 2011). As mentioned earlier, research has shown that employees who are pleased are far more beneficial than employees who are not. There are many things that managers can do to ensure that their employees feel valued, and remain satisfied. First of all, it is important that managers avoid using intimidation. To intimidate means to make nervous, or instill fear. In some cases an individual can take advantage of their title and turn in to an authoritarian. In a sense this means that the big guys squash the little guys. Employees How to cite Motivation and Organizational Culture, Essay examples

Dietary Factors Associated With Reflux and Risk of Adenocarcinoma

Question: Discuss about the Dietary Factors associated with reflux and Risk of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia. Answer: This paper explains the relationship between dietary factors and risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. It is a discussion to review evidence that dietary factors have a direct influence on the risk of having adenocarcinoma esophagus and gastric cardia. Adenocarcinoma esophagus is a type of oesophageal cancer that mostly affects the white men in the United States. Gastroesophageal reflux was recorded as the most known risk factor for adenocarcinoma esophagus (Houghton, Mangnall Read, 1990). For those who have had the severe symptoms for a long period of time, the risk may be more than forty-fold. GER has been observed to cause an increase of risk of gastric cardia exceeding forty-fold. Various foods, including chocolates, coffee, tomatoes, dietary fats, mints, citrus fruits, and onions have been assumed to have a strong relationship with temporary reflux mostly because of relaxation of LES. The aim of this paper was to ascertain whether it is true that the above-mentioned foods have an association with risk of gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma esophagus. The intakes of these foods and other potential dietary behaviours were studied in a population-based study that targeted the whole nation. The design used was that of case-control with an initial 185 participants with adenocarcinoma esophagus and 258 participants with gastric cardia and a control group of 815 participants. The study was based on Sweden population that is the native Swedish people of ages below eighty years old, who were living in the country between the 1st of December 1994 and the 31st of December 1997. The people who were considered to take part in the study were the patients found to have the adenocarcinoma esophagus as well as those that had gastric cardia. A comprehensible organization including all important departments of the hospital made it possible to have a quick and credible case study. The results were arranged anatomically and histologically which were then analyzed by the pathologist of the study. Throughout this study, control participants were selected in a random manner from the population of the ancient Sweden people while making a consideration to maintain the gender distribution as well as the age distribution as in the cases that were already selected before. The participants who dropped out of the study were 27 participants or 12,5% of the participants who were suffering from adenocarcinoma esophagus and 51 participants or 16.3% of participants who were suffering from cardia cancer. This nonparticipation was caused mainly by 66 patients or b4.6% of the total participants having very poor clinical health or even sudden death immediately after they were diagnosed with the adenocarcinoma esophagus or cardiac cancer (Blot, Deresa, Kneller Fraumini, 1991). Nonparticipation from the patients in the control group was 308, which was 27% of the total number of people in the control group and this was attributed to majorly the patients' not willing to take part in the study. There were seven participants who were dropped out of the study because their total intake of energy was more than 3SDs from mean energy intake, which resulted in their dietary responses having a lot of errors. Other three more participants were excluded because they did not have information about their Body Mass Index and a further two participants were excluded from the study because they were not responding appropriately to the given questions about their diet. After all these exclusions there were 185 participants suffering from adenocarcinoma esophagus, 258 cases of cardiac cancer and 815 participants for the control group. All the participants went through a computer-aided interview. The interviews were conducted by professional interviewers who came from the Statistics Sweden and were carried out face to face. A structured questionnaire examining food frequency, which is a modified version of food frequency questionnaire that was evaluated before, that included 63 beverages and food items, was used to examine the dietary behaviours of the interviewee for 20 years before that interview. The period of 20 years was chosen so as to enable the examination of risk factors with an adequate time that could cover the period of time when the cancer symptoms were still not evident. The interviewers asked the number of times each food or beverage item was consumed per day, per month and even per year., the exact time the participants usually took their last meal of the day every day and the amount of food eaten per different serving throughout a day, this was aided by showing pictures of common different portions of the seven Swedish dishes. The relationship between food items and reflux symptoms was first analyzed for the patients in the control group. The coefficient of correlation of Spearman was used to analyze the relationship between the variables in diet and the harshness of reflux in the patients who were in the control group. The regression of unconditional logistics was used in the multivariate modelling and univariate modelling (Allen, Mellow, Robinson Orr, 1990). All the multivariate models had inclusion of gender, age, Body Mass Index (divided according to the distribution in the control group), the alcohol intake in terms of energy content of the alcohol measured in grams taken in every week, total intakes of vegetables and fruits and the smoking of cigarette, if they have smoked in the past, if currently smoking and if they have never smoked. The median age of the patients in study groups was 67 years. The median age of the patients in the control group was 68 years. The study group was made up of 86 per cent males and 14% females. The control group was made up of 83 per cent males and 17% females. The number of participants with a history of smoking tobacco was lowest among the participants in the control group while the numbers were larger in the participants of the study group suffering from adenocarcinoma esophagus and the number of participants with a smoking history being largest in the patients with gastric cardia. There was slightly more participants who registered alcohol drinking in the study group of patients with cardiac cancer compared to the participants in the group or the group of patients suffering from adenocarcinoma esophagus. The medians of ten dietary factors were shown to be related to LES relaxation in participants in the control group under laboratory setting were found to be same among patients who with self-supported symptoms or without these self-supported symptoms within 5 or more years prior to the time the interview took place. The levels of the mean of the factors were also same in these two groups. The severity of reflux and Spearman's correlation of the ten dietary factors among patients suffering from reflux had a very small magnitude and all the coefficients had no visible statistical differences. The estimated relative risk for the two types of cancer when there is exposure to the various conditions was tabulated. A statistical insignificant 40% increase in the risk of gastric cardia was seen between the intake of highest tertile of chocolate and the intake of lowest tertile of chocolate. In the cases of adenocarcinoma esophagus no noticeable trends were registered, however, an insignificant decreased risk of adenocarcinoma esophagus was noticed when there was increased consumption of leeks, onions, and garlic. The amounts of food taken per serving and the time these foods were taken on a daily basis were found to have no relationship whatsoever with risks of the two types of cancer studied in this paper. Different adjustments made in the variable did not change the results (Szarka. Locke, 1999). In this study of random samples of participants from the adults from Sweden population, the recurring self-supported symptoms in the participants within five or even more years before the interviews were not taken to be related to dietary behaviours of these participants that had already been associated with the low mean basal pressure of LES or dyspepsia. In addition, the said factors were not taken to be related to the risks of gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma esophagus. From the study, it is concluded that no association was registered between dietary habits and the risk of the two types of cancer. There could be many explanations as to why these findings did not bring out an association between gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma esophagus and the dietary factors as was found in the laboratory experiments. The first explanation could be that the intake of the foods that brought about relaxed LES or the temporary GER in the experiments carried out in the laboratory might not have been in sufficient quantities or might not have been in enough frequency to bring about a significant condition of chronic reflux. IN most of these previously performed experiments, however, used moderate size portions, which was same as the portion taken as one portion in this study, to experiment the possible association between dietary habits and reflux symptoms. The second possible explanation would be that the temporary reflux that is induced by these laboratory set exposures may be very different from actual severe reflux characterized by inflammation that comes with the GER disease (Zhang, Kurtz, Yu, Sun, Gargon, 1997). It is understood that the regurgitation caused by food is very much less harmful compared to the transient LES relaxations- associated episodes of reflux, which usually happens when there are no neutralizing agents in a person's stomach. It is has been observed that people who are likely to have reflux take in small amounts of those foods that are speculated to be causing the reflux symptoms, therefore, making the relationship between these foods and symptoms of reflux very week. The absence or presence of GERD does not make it impossible to test the hypothesis that the intake of foods which are known for their ability to bring about LES relaxation increases the risks of adenocarcinoma esophagus because reflux that is associated with transient LES relaxers could be asymptomatic. Furthermore, the foods that are known to promote reflux, for example, citrus fruits, onions, and garlic, may have the anticarcinogenic properties that annihilate the effects of reflux. Therefore the results did not necessarily nullify the strong relationship between the frequency of reflux as well as the severity of reflux and risk of adenocarcinoma esophagus and gastric cardia. Although the findings show that the general consumption of the foods that promote reflux should not be a concern of public health in the larger population according to the explanations done above. Studies of the relationship between dietary habits and adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia have not been frequent or a common study. There were four studies that had already previously been done in the design of control and case studies, which studied some aspects of dietary habits and their relationship with these two cancers (Cohen Booth, 1975). In three out of the four studies, the participants with both adenocarcinoma esophagus and gastric cardia were combined to form a single group for study and there was no separate presentation of results for adenocarcinoma esophagus patients and gastric cardia patients. The fourth study only the patients with adenocarcinoma participated in the study and the patients with gastric cardia were not included. The mentioned differences plus differences in the number of participants in those four studies and the study recorded in this paper makes it difficult to make comparisons between the data in the four previous studies and the data from this study. The estimated consumption of citrus fruit in this study was however similar to those recorded by Zhang and his colleagues. An uneven but statistically significant association between intake of fat and the risk of adenocarcinoma esophagus was registered in the latter study which was not observed in the study described in this paper (Kabat, Ng Wynder., 1993). The observation by Kabat and colleagues that there was a significant and positive relationship between total intake of fat in men and risk of combined adenocarcinomas was consistent with the findings of the study in this paper but were contradictory to what both Brown and colleagues and Tzonous and colleagues observed. The strength of this study lies in the fact that it was based on a larger population (Szarka Locke, 1999). All recently diagnosed cases in the base of the study were identified and they were thoroughly categorized in accordance with the site of the tumor and the histological type. This relatively broad study enabled the analysis of the two different types of cancer mentioned. An extremely random sampling of the participants for the control group eliminates any doubt that there could have been a relationship between the selected subjects and the exposures therefore, eliminating any possibility of the presence of biases in the study process. The dietary related questions captured questions about the symptoms of reflux that were experienced many years before the time the interview took place (Cranley ., Achkar . Fleshler, 1986). This appeared to have taken into account the biologically significant measure of GER with the ability to realize a forty-fold increase in the risk of reflux symptoms in terms of their duration and harshness. This duration of time enabled acquisition of more accurate data that can influence an informed conclusion. There was high response rate by those who participated in the study as compared to the dietary studies that had been done before to investigate the strength of the association between foods taken and adenocarcinoma esophagus and gastric cardia (Blot , Deresa S.S., Kneller Fraumini., 1991). However, we have no reason to assume that the rates of response between the control group and the study cases were somehow related. The inability of some of the participants to accurately recall their dietary habits is also not a legible explanation as to why the results did not support the hypothesis that certain foods increased the risk of adenocarcinoma esophagus and gastric cardia (Babka Castell, 1973). In conclusion, it was proved that eating of foods that were associated with relaxed LES and temporary GER were practically not related to risk of gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma esophagus. References Allen M., Mellow M., Robinson M. Orr W. (1990). The effect of raw onions on acid reflux and reflux symptoms. Babka J. Castell D. (1973). On the genesis of heartburn: the effects of specific foods on the lower esophageal sphincter. Becker D., Sinclair J., Castell D. Wu W. (1989). A comparison of high and low fat meals on postprandial esophageal acid exposure. Blot W.J, Deresa S.S., Kneller R.N. Fraumini J. F. (1991). Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA. Brown L.M., Swnson C.A., Gridley G., Swanson G.M., Schoenberg J.B. . (1995). Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia: the role of diet. Cohen S. Booth G. (1975). Gastric acid secretion and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in response to coffee and caffeine. N Engl J Med. Cranley J., Achkar E. Fleshler B. (1986). Abnormal lower esophageal sphincter pressure responses in patients with orange juice-induced heatburn. Hansson L.E., Sparen P. Nyren O. (1993). Increasing incidences of both major histological types of esophageal carcinomas among men in Sweden. Int J Cancer. Houghton L., Mangnall U.Y. Read N. (1990). Effect of incorporating fat into a liquid test meal on the relation between intragastric distribution and gastric emptying in human volunteers. Kabat G.C., Ng, SK WynderE.L. (1993). Tobacco, alcohol intake and diet in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Lagergren J., Bergstrom R., Lindsgren, A Nyren O. (1999). Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Locke, G.R., Talley, N., Fett S., Zinsmeister A.R Melton L.J. (1997). Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux. Olmsted County, Minnesota: Gastroentology. Murphy D. Castell D. (1988). Chocolate and heartburn: evidence of increased esophageal acid exposure after choclate ingestion. Price S., Smithson K. Castell D. (1978). Food sensitivity in reflux esophagitis. R., M. (1995). Pharmacological modulation of motility. Yale. Rothman K. Greenland S. (1998). Modern Epidemology 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. Szarka L. Locke G. (1999). Practical pointers for grappling with GERD. Tzonou A., Lipsworth L., Garidou A., Signorello L.B., Lagiou P. (1996). Diet and risk of esophageal cancer by histologic type in a low-risk population. Int J Cancer. Wolk A., Bergstrom R. Hansson L.E Nyren O . (1997). Reliability of retrospective information on diet 20 years ago and consistency of independent measures of remote adolescents diet. Zhang Z.F., Kurtz R.C., Yu G.P., Sun M., Gargon N. (1997). Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia: the role of diet.